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In the Event of a Trial

Monday, November 15th, 2010

As in any trial circumstance, collect material evidence whenever possible so you can offer viewpoints other than your own, which is obviously biased.  Daycare providers often have sign in and sign out sheets which reflect which parent dropped off and picked up a child. Doctors’ records, school attendance records, report cards, teacher reports, and receipts are sources of evidence. Journals and diaries can be useful, as well. For example, if you are separated and your wife always gets the children to school late on the days she’s responsible for their transportation, the school attendance records coupled with your visitation schedule can be evidence of her irresponsibility.  If the teacher’s notes say that your child never has his homework with him on the days after he’s spent time at his father’s house, then this is evidence that his father isn’t taking his parental responsibilities seriously with respect to school work. Click here for an article about what to expect during a trial. 

Think of people who could be witnesses to your activities with your child. If you are your child’s soccer coach, perhaps an assistant coach would be willing to write a letter or testify, if need be. Neighbors, daycare providers, friends, relatives, and everyone else who has seen you be a parent to your child are all possible witnesses. People who have seen you often, and know you as a parent, are the best witnesses. Any one example is not sufficient in itself, but when you have multiple examples that indicate regularity, consistency, and familiarity, witnesses matter.  Non-relatives are better than relatives, for obvious reasons, but relatives can serve as witnesses, too.

You will need to be careful in how you approach potential witnesses, as many of them may know both you and your spouse and will be reluctant to get involved.  Perhaps those who are reluctant would be willing to vouch for your abilities as a parent, without criticizing your spouse. Those who are familiar with your circumstances, have known you well for a period of years, and who are willing to speak out about inappropriate behavior on your spouse’s part are the best witnesses, but explore the possibility of asking others to come forward to help you as well. A handful of well-selected witnesses is more powerful than a laundry list of mediocre ones. Have your witnesses work with your lawyer about how to describe things accurately and adequately, so that your story is clear and convincing.

Some witnesses may provide a letter to the court supporting your position. An example of a helpful letter is:

I have known Jennifer for 15 years.  We are neighbors, and our children play together and go to the same school.  I am also acquainted with her husband, Ralph.  Last year Jennifer and I served as room mothers for her daughter Betsy’s class.  This entailed chaperoning on 3 field trips, assisting with 2 craft projects, and providing refreshments for 3 in-school parties.  Jennifer is always willing to help….etc., etc., etc.

I also know Jennifer’s husband, Ralph.  Last summer I saw him scream at Ralph Jr. when Ralph Jr. fell off his bicycle.  Ralph Jr. began to cry, but Ralph Sr. continued to yell. I was concerned, so I went over……..I saw similar events on four other occasions, which began to make me worry about Ralph Jr..

Judith Neighbor
Address + Telephone Number

Click here for more information on divorce trials.

Excerpted from Your Divorce Advisor: A Lawyer and a Psychologist Guide You Through the Legal and Emotional Landscape of Divorce (Simon & Schuster/Fireside 2001). For more information: http://www.yourdivorceadvisor.com/.

For more information contact Peace Talks www.peace-talks.com 

(C) 2008  Peace Talks Mediation Services, Inc.

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Present Yourself in a Positive Light

Friday, November 5th, 2010

How you present yourself throughout the process is extremely important. Try to be pleasant and cooperative in your demeanor. Be as succinct and organized as possible in setting forth your version of a workable parenting plan. Use your calendar. Be brief, but complete. Anticipate what your spouse’s plan will be, and be prepared to explain why your spouse’s plan is not in the children’s best interests, or why it won’t work. Be ready to explain why your spouse is not the parent better able to handle areas of concern.  Use specific examples. When you are describing your spouse’s behavior, be descriptive without being judgmental.  Labels like “crazy” do not illustrate well, but examples of “crazy” behavior can paint a colorful picture of what life is like with your spouse for the evaluator. Highlight your concerns and explain why you are concerned about these behaviors or actions. Directly answer all questions asked without going into a “he said, she said”  rendition of the marital fights of the last six months. Negotiate in good faith. It may be difficult to do this when you are upset and stressed. Solid preparation on your part will insure that you are at your best. Click here for some coping tips.

Do your utmost to present your positions without appearing obstinate, demanding, or controlling. Never say, “I let my spouse _______”.  Re-phrase that sentence to say, “I’ve been willing for my spouse to __________”. Understanding what you need to present yourself as a rational, caring human being to the psychologist rather than a vengeful, bitter litigant is crucial. That doesn’t mean that you should compromise on what you think is in you children’s best interests just for the sake of being reasonable or reaching an agreement. Click here for more tips.  Excerpted from Your Divorce Advisor: A Lawyer and a Psychologist

Guide You Through the Legal and Emotional Landscape of Divorce (Simon & Schuster/Fireside 2001). For more information: http://www.yourdivorceadvisor.com/.

For more information contact Peace Talks www.peace-talks.com 

(C) 2008  Peace Talks Mediation Services, Inc.

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More Ways to Help Your Children

Wednesday, May 19th, 2010

Listen to Your Children

Children often experience very different feelings than you do at different times during this transition. They may feel sad when you feel relieved. Try and listen to the feelings behind the words your children speak. Allow your children to express their anger with you and at their situation. Allow them to miss the other parent when they are in your presence. Click here for some tips on how to listen to your children.    

Words are not the only way children express themselves. Younger children, and those who are feeling their emotions very intensely, do not use words to show their feelings. Learn to understand what they are feeling by watching their behavior. They may withdraw indicating they are sad.  They may act out in some way, which is telling you that they are angry. 

Act Civilly To Your Spouse

There are several important components of being civil. First, try to cooperate together. You can disagree privately with each other, but try to present a uniform front as a parenting team. This will be especially helpful as your children mature, and when they need a safety net to keep them from wandering too far from “home” values.  It is easier to keep them in tow if they know you are together on the rules and consequences of breaking the rules. Curfews, discipline, academic expectations, treatment of adults and other family members — these are basics you should try to agree upon.

Being civil means encouraging your children to respect the other parent. If you do not talk or act negatively about your ex-spouse, your children will not need to either. It is tempting to tell them stories about the other parent’s lapses, but children who do not respect both of their parents have a harder time reconciling the half of themselves that is the genetic connection to the other parent. Your child is half of each of you. If she thinks that you hate the part of her that is like her mother, she may choose to hate that part of herself too. Do not draw your child into losing half of him or herself. For some tips on acting civilly toward your spouse, click here 

Excerpted from Your Divorce Advisor: A Lawyer and a Psychologist Guide You Through the Legal and Emotional Landscape of Divorce (Simon & Schuster/Fireside 2001). For more information: http://www.yourdivorceadvisor.com/.

For more information contact Peace Talks www.peace-talks.com 

(C) 2008  Peace Talks Mediation Services, Inc.

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How Can I do Much of the Work Myself and Save the Lawyer’s Fees?

Monday, March 1st, 2010

You can save yourself money and aggravation if you help your lawyer prepare for the trial.  Only you will truly know if the lawyer has everything required, for who is more familiar with your circumstances than you?

There are a number of ways you can help your lawyer prepare your case, especially in determining what types of witnesses will be most beneficial and determining and assembling determining which documents will be needed. Both of these tasks are time consuming, so if you can do them yourself, or at least assist your lawyer, you can save money in addition to feeling like you have more control over your case–and your life.  Obviously, if you’re representing yourself, this entire task falls on your shoulders.

For Pro Se litigants:  To increase the likelihood that your documents will be accepted as evidence:

  • find a copy of your state’s rules of evidence. Good sources are your local library, law library, or the internet
  • make sure you are using an original, or a true copy of an original
  • make sure it is signed and its accuracy is certified by its preparer (i.e., wage records, tax returns)
  • if it is a document which you are required to disclose to the other side before the trial, make sure you have done so in accordance with court procedures
  • if the document is hearsay, a very complicated evidence rule (don’t feel bad, many lawyers don’t understand it either!) which is explained above, determine if there are exceptions to the hearsay rule which may mean the document is admissible anyway. You may need a lawyer to assist with this determination

Even if your document violates a rule of evidence and should be inadmissible, in order for a document to be excluded from evidence, the opposing side must object to it. Sometimes the opposing side will forget to object, or they just won’t bother. The worst that can happen is that the other side objects and the document is not admitted, but you don’t know until you try.  Caveat: there’s a difference between assertively attempting to get important documents into evidence and aggressively alienating the judge with endless, repetitive requests.

Practical hint:  come to court with photocopies of the document for the opposing side, for the witness to use, and for you to use, as the judge will end up with the original if it is accepted into evidence.

Click here for an article on pro se divorce.  For an article to help you determine whether a pro se divorce is for you, click here 

Excerpted from Your Divorce Advisor: A Lawyer and a Psychologist Guide You Through the Legal and Emotional Landscape of Divorce (Simon & Schuster/Fireside 2001). For more information: http://www.yourdivorceadvisor.com/.

For more information contact Peace Talks www.peace-talks.com 

(C) 2008  Peace Talks Mediation Services, Inc.

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What Documents are Needed by the Court?

Thursday, February 25th, 2010

You and your lawyer will make a list in advance of all of the documents that you have, and those which will be needed at trial. If your financial issues are unresolved, typical documents which are used at trial are:

  • Your 5 most recent tax returns
  • 6 months to a year’s worth of payroll records or pay stubs from you and your spouse
  • Any other income records, including independent contractor work, interest and dividends, commissions, bonuses, and earned by not-yet-paid commissions and bonuses
  • Your and your spouse’s most recent bank statements, stock statements, and credit card statements
  • Any bank, stock, or credit card statements which show a discrepancy or questionable item, such as an unauthorized withdrawal or charge
  • Loan applications and financial statements prepared by you and/or your spouse
  • Pension, IRA, and 401K  statements
  • Real estate records, especially house closing statements and appraisals
  • Financial records for any businesses or partnership ventures  you or your spouse own by yourselves or with partners
  • Copies of any documents which show that money is owed by you, or to you, or your spouse
  • Documents showing inheritances or trust income or assets which belong to you, or which will belong to you.  Wills and trusts of persons not yet deceased are typically not pertinent. The court is only interested in money which you have, or which you have a legal right to but just haven’t received it yet.
  • Life insurance statements showing life insurance polices, and any cash balances on same
  • Records of any gifts you or your spouse have made (over $100 or so) in the last 5 years
  • Records of the sale of any real property or personal property over $350
  • A list of personal property which is in dispute
  • Other documents which tend to prove the allegations you’re making in your case.

 Provided you’ve followed the admissibility guidelines above, these documents are typically readily admissible as evidence.  Because these documents are used in practically every case, it makes sense to share copies with the opposing side in advance (if you have not already done so through discovery, Chapter 5) to see if you can agree that the documents will be admitted and mark them as exhibits in advance of the trial.  If there is an issue about the accuracy of the document, be prepared to prove that the contents are true. Click here for great information on the documents you will need to provide your divorce attorney.

Some of these same documents may be needed if your trial is focused on child custody issues, since living arrangements and financial issues (especially child support, and to a lesser extent alimony) may be tied to decisions about the child’s living conditions. For an article on child custody papers, click here.

Excerpted from Your Divorce Advisor: A Lawyer and a Psychologist Guide You Through the Legal and Emotional Landscape of Divorce (Simon & Schuster/Fireside 2001). For more information: http://www.yourdivorceadvisor.com/.

For more information contact Peace Talks www.peace-talks.com 

(C) 2008  Peace Talks Mediation Services, Inc.

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Documents

Tuesday, February 23rd, 2010

While documents are technically considered to be hearsay, there are special exceptions for certain types of documents.  Certified public records, certified business records, and easily verified information are usually exempt from hearsay problems. Examples of these types of documents include: copies of deeds which have been recorded on the land records and signed by a clerk; court judgments which have been signed by the court clerk indicating that it’s a true copy of the original; and employment and wage information which is signed by the employer’s record keepers.

As with hearsay, the lawyers can agree in advance to exchange copies of records and to waive any objections to their admissibility in court.  This procedure is purely voluntary, however, and needs to be completed in advance of your court date.  This is sometimes called “pre-marking exhibits”.   Perry Mason fans will be disappointed to learn that there is rarely surprise evidence in family court, but on a practical level it makes sense.  If everyone agrees that the tax returns are accurate and relevant, there’s no need to bring the accountant in to testify about how they were prepared. Click here for an article called “Evidence 101 in Divorce Trials.”  

Best Evidence Rule

You must produce the original of a document if it is available. If it is not available, then a copy will suffice. If an eye-witness is available to testify about an event, you need to bring that witness into court to testify, as opposed to someone who heard about the accident afterwards. Always “go to the source” for your evidence, and you should have no problem satisfying the Best Evidence requirement.

Getting Evidence Accepted by the Court

During a witness’ testimony, documents such as those described above are introduced into evidence to substantiate a point the witness is making. The witness will identify the document, and say why it’s pertinent. The other lawyer has an opportunity to object to the document, and then the judge decides if the document becomes evidence in the case or not. Typically, most financial documents become evidence without a problem. Controversial documents, such as unsigned love letters used to prove that one spouse was having an affair, can trigger more objections and may or may not be accepted into evidence at the trial. The evidence is important to the judge insofar as it helps him or her understand how assets accumulated or were dissipated in your marriage, how to divide those remaining assets in a way that’s fair, and what’s best for your children. Click here for some additional rules of thumb to assist you in getting evidence accepted by the court.  

Excerpted from Your Divorce Advisor: A Lawyer and a Psychologist Guide You Through the Legal and Emotional Landscape of Divorce (Simon & Schuster/Fireside 2001). For more information: http://www.yourdivorceadvisor.com/.

For more information contact Peace Talks www.peace-talks.com 

(C) 2008  Peace Talks Mediation Services, Inc.

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Hearsay

Monday, February 22nd, 2010

Courts are divided as to whether or not they permit you to repeat what your children have said.  Some courts have determined that it is more important that the child not be called into court to testify than it is to follow this evidence rule, and they permit testimony.  Other courts appoint attorneys or guardians ad litem to testify on behalf of the child. Very few courts will permit a child to testify, as most believe it should be avoided at all costs.

It is tempting to want your child to testify, especially after all the comments the child has made about your ex and his or her home. Children often shift their allegiances depending on whom they are talking to, and children will feed parents what they think the parent wants to hear. This is how they express their support and love, especially if they are rewarded by your concern about them. Putting your child on the stand requires a public stance that can be devastating to the child, and can tear away at the child’s relationship to one or both parents. Click here for an interesting article on children testifying in court.

Similarly, you cannot use letters in court because they are “out of court statements”. The fact that they’re written and signed usually doesn’t satisfy the hearsay requirement.  If you want to use a letter in court, the letter-writer will typically need to be in court to testify.

Sometimes, for the sake of expediting a trial, the lawyers will agree to waive the hearsay problem for certain documents or testimony.  Such an agreement must be made prior to the start of the trial, or the introduction of that evidence. Ask your lawyer if this will be possible in your case. A good example of a hearsay problem that is often waived by agreement is a written appraiser’s report.  Assuming that everyone involved with the case has had an opportunity to review the report, the appraiser has a good reputation, and the value placed on the asset is within the expected range, then the lawyers may agree that the report come into evidence without a hearsay objection. Click here for an interesting article about hearsay gleaned from Facebook.

An important note about hearsay: you can try and introduce hearsay evidence even though you know that it is technically inadmissible.  It is up to the opposing side to make a prompt and appropriate objection. If they do not do so, then the hearsay evidence will be admitted. On the other hand, you do not want to repeatedly introduce hearsay evidence if the opposing side continually makes objections. This will only serve to anger the judge.  If a piece of information is crucial to your case, you need to be prepared to have the witness in court to testify to make sure you don’t have hearsay problems with your evidence.

Excerpted from Your Divorce Advisor: A Lawyer and a Psychologist Guide You Through the Legal and Emotional Landscape of Divorce (Simon & Schuster/Fireside 2001). For more information: http://www.yourdivorceadvisor.com/.

 

For more information contact Peace Talks www.peace-talks.com 

(C) 2008  Peace Talks Mediation Services, Inc.

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New York Times Explores No-Fault Divorce

Friday, February 19th, 2010

Today,  marriage and family therapist Ruth Bettelheim wrote a terrific Op-Ed piece for the New York Times exploring the effects of 40 years of no-fault divorce in our country.

She explains: “In an adversarial custody battle, no one wins, but children are the biggest losers of all. Intelligent legislation could promote the one thing that children of divorce need most: peace between their parents.”

Peace between divorcing parents is the goal of Peace Talks Mediation Services and the theme of our second book, “Making Divorce Work.” Click here to read this excellent article.

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Trials: Taking the Long Hard Route

Tuesday, February 9th, 2010

All divorces require court approval to be final and legally binding. These final agreements are put in writing and signed by the judge. This is called an “uncontested divorce” despite the fact that there may have been many conflicts and disputes during the process.  Only 5-15% of divorcing spouses reach the trial stage of divorce. Since trials are costly financially and emotionally, most people, including judges and lawyers, make every effort to settle their disputes without reaching this stage. Trials are last resort options when the well-being of yourself or your children hangs in the balance.

However, be cautioned. Do not delude yourself.  Many people want a judge to decide because they hope to gain an advantage in the case.  For them, trials are about “winning”, not justice.

Court Intervention

The amount of court intervention your case needs depends upon the number of issues which you need to be resolved.  If you can settle some of the support, custody, or property issues, you can present those as an agreement and limit your trial to evidence only on the issues you weren’t able to resolve.

Once the court has been called upon to resolve a divorce, the court’s role changes from one of simple review of an agreement to a forum for adversarial conflict resolution. Most states have recognized that the adversarial system doesn’t serve families and children well, sustaining  conflict by enabling people to testify against one another in hopes of gaining money, property, or child custody rights. Courtrooms are the last resort for those cases which are not resolved by the parties themselves.

Once divorcing spouses have entered the court arena, the chance for a meeting of the minds is greatly diminished. After having heard everything bad your spouse has to say about you, you may have a hard time working through the inevitable loose ends: dividing up the photograph albums, or deciding who gets which TV set, not to mention exchanging parenting schedules or sitting down together at a parent/teacher conference at your child’s school. Going to court can be a useful resource, and it may be your only reasonable choice after you’ve exhausted negotiations with your spouse in every available forum, but it’s best used as a last resort.

If you are headed to trial, and you have been representing yourself, you will want to consider hiring a lawyer to represent you in court. If your spouse has an attorney, it is in your best interests to hire your own representative. At the very least, you should seek out the assistance of a lawyer in planning your case and assembling your evidence so that you present a concise, well-organized case to the judge.

Be sure to visit our resource center at http://www.peace-talks.com/resources.php. For the pros and cons of going to court see, http://www.peace-talks.com/proscons.php.

Excerpted from Your Divorce Advisor: A Lawyer and a Psychologist Guide You Through the Legal and Emotional Landscape of Divorce (Simon & Schuster/Fireside 2001). For more information: http://www.yourdivorceadvisor.com/.

For more information contact Peace Talks www.peace-talks.com 

(C) 2008  Peace Talks Mediation Services, Inc.

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Personal Assessment

Monday, January 25th, 2010

Have I exhausted all of the reasonable, productive alternatives for determining the total amount of our assets and income?  Have I done my research thoroughly, so that I have a valid understanding of our financial situation. If I do a thorough job of investigation and reviewing the available information, I will feel confident to choose a settlement offer that is acceptable.  Taking responsibility for my own protection through educating myself is a positive step toward my future financial independence.

Have I exhausted all available mediation and settlement opportunities?  I am confident that I can protect my own financial and economic well-being through my ability to evaluate settlement opportunities carefully, even when my feelings are hurt or I long for revenge.

Have I acknowledged my share of what went wrong in the marriage, even if I feel it’s mostly my spouse’s actions which have caused us to divorce?  Being able to recognize that each of us has contributed to the situation will help me to have a balanced perspective for settlement.

Have I made the right choices for myself in terms of advisors, goals toward economic self-sufficiency, and emotional independence?  Resolving these issues and learning to separate before the divorce is finalized will help me negotiate a fair resolution based on facts, not feelings.

Have I honestly evaluated whether the proposals which have been made are reasonable?  If I do not believe them to be reasonable, do they provide for me sufficiently so that I am able to accomplish most of my goals?  Learning to accept a settlement which is imperfect may be the best way to resolve my divorce in the long run, even if it is disappointing in the short term. For more information, see our resource center at http://www.peace-talks.com/resources.php. Online support is available at http://www.divorce360.com/.

Excerpted from Your Divorce Advisor: A Lawyer and a Psychologist Guide You Through the Legal and Emotional Landscape of Divorce (Simon & Schuster/Fireside 2001). For more information: http://www.yourdivorceadvisor.com/.

For more information contact Peace Talks www.peace-talks.com 

(C) 2008  Peace Talks Mediation Services, Inc.

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